Category Archives: VSAT

KU Band LNB Working Principle & Flowchart

KU Band LNB Working Principle & Flowchart

Understanding how a KU Band LNB (Low-Noise Block Downconverter) works is crucial for satellite TV and VSAT installers. Below is a simple flowchart explaining the main functions of a KU Band LNB – from receiving KU Band satellite signals to converting and transmitting them to your satellite receiver.

Why Understanding KU Band LNBs Matters

Whether you’re installing satellite TV or setting up VSAT internet, knowing how a KU Band LNB works helps you troubleshoot signal issues, choose the right equipment, and ensure high-quality reception.

Contact us for the best KU Band LNB solutions, satellite dishes, and installation support!

Understanding C Band Frequencies: A Complete Guide

In the world of satellite communications, C Band Frequencies play a crucial role in ensuring reliable, high-quality connections for broadcasting, VSAT, and data transmission. Whether you’re an engineer, network planner, or simply curious about how satellite uplinks and downlinks work, understanding the different C Band frequency ranges and their associated parameters is essential.

Below, we’ll break down the most common C Band Frequencies, including their RF (Radio Frequency), IF (Intermediate Frequency), and Local Oscillator (LO) values.

What is the C Band?

The C Band is a section of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging roughly from 4 GHz to 8 GHz. In satellite communications, the C Band typically covers uplink frequencies from about 5.85 GHz to 7.025 GHz. It is favored for its resilience to rain fade, making it especially popular in tropical regions with high rainfall.

Depending on satellite operators and regional requirements, the C Band is divided into standard, extended, full, and special sub-bands. Each has specific frequency ranges and LO configurations to match the requirements of ground station equipment and satellite transponders.

Common C Band Frequencies

Here’s a quick reference table that summarizes typical C Band Frequencies and their technical specifications:

Frequency Range RF (GHz) IF (MHz) LO (MHz)
Std C 5.85 – 6.425 950 – 1525 7375 / 4900
Ext-Palapa 6.365 – 6.725 1075 – 1435 7800 / 5290
Ext C 6.425 – 6.725 950 – 1250 7675 / 5475
Full C 5.85 – 6.725 950 – 1825 7675 / 4900
Insat C 6.725 – 7.025 965 – 1265 5760
Special C1 5.725 – 6.225 975 – 1475 4750

Why Are There Different C Band Frequencies?

Different regions and satellite operators may define unique frequency blocks within the broader C Band Frequencies to avoid interference and meet local licensing requirements. For example:

  • Std C Band is widely used for traditional commercial satellite services.

  • Extended C Band adds extra spectrum for more capacity.

  • Palapa Band refers to frequencies historically used by the Indonesian Palapa satellite network.

  • Insat C Band is specific to the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT).

  • Special C Bands like C1 cover niche applications or dedicated networks.

Each variation has a tailored LO frequency to convert the RF signal to a manageable IF range for indoor units and modems.

Applications of C Band Frequencies

C Band Frequencies are widely used in:

  • Satellite TV broadcasting

  • VSAT networks for remote internet access

  • Government and defense communications

  • Enterprise private networks in areas prone to heavy rain

Its robust performance in adverse weather conditions makes the C Band an enduring favorite, even as higher bands like Ku and Ka become more popular for certain applications.

Complete Ku-band Frequency Table

Complete Ku-band Frequency Table

Band Name Direction Frequency Range (GHz) Region / Use Case Notes
Standard Ku-band Uplink Earth-to-Satellite 14.00–14.50 Global Main VSAT uplink
Extended Ku-band Uplink Earth-to-Satellite 13.75–14.00 Maritime, enterprise, special services Used for extra capacity where licensed
Standard Ku-band Downlink Satellite-to-Earth 10.70–11.70 Global (FSS) Main VSAT & TV broadcast downlink
Extended Ku-band Downlink Satellite-to-Earth 11.70–12.20 North America (DBS) Used by DirecTV, Dish, etc.
Extended Ku-band Downlink Satellite-to-Earth 12.20–12.75 Europe, Asia, maritime Extra capacity, often used by maritime VSAT

Additional Ku-band Notes

Aspect Details
Typical Dish Size 0.6 m – 1.8 m (VSAT terminals)
Modulation DVB-S2, TDMA, FDMA, SCPC
Applications VSAT Internet, TV Broadcast, SNG (Satellite News Gathering), Maritime, Aeronautical
Rain Fade Sensitivity Moderate to high — higher frequency means more attenuation in heavy rain
Polarization Linear (Horizontal/Vertical) or Circular, depending on satellite operator

Example Regional Allocations

Region Typical Downlink Typical Uplink
ITU Region 1 (Europe, Africa) 10.70–12.75 GHz 13.75–14.50 GHz
ITU Region 2 (Americas) 11.70–12.20 GHz 14.00–14.50 GHz
Maritime / Aero May use full extended bands Same

Importance of LNBs in Satellite Communication

The Low Noise Block Downconverter (LNB) is a critical component in satellite communication systems, serving as the interface between the satellite dish and the receiver. Its role is indispensable for ensuring efficient signal reception, processing, and distribution. Below, we break down its importance into key areas:

 


1. Signal Quality: Minimizing Noise and Maximizing Clarity

Satellite signals travel vast distances—over 35,000 kilometers from geostationary satellites to Earth. By the time these signals reach the dish, they are extremely weak and susceptible to noise interference from atmospheric conditions, cosmic radiation, and other sources. The LNB addresses this challenge in two ways:

  • Low Noise Amplification: The LNB amplifies the weak signals while adding minimal noise. This is quantified by the Noise Figure (NF), typically ranging from 0.1 dB to 0.5 dB for high-quality LNBs. A lower NF means better signal integrity.

  • Frequency Stability: The LNB ensures that the amplified signal remains stable, reducing the risk of signal degradation. This is crucial for maintaining high-quality audio, video, and data transmission.

Without an LNB, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) would be too poor for the receiver to decode the data effectively, resulting in pixelated video, dropped signals, or complete loss of service.

 


2. Compatibility: Bridging High-Frequency Signals to Usable Frequencies

Satellites transmit signals in high-frequency bands, such as Ku-band (10.7–12.75 GHz) or C-band (3.7–4.2 GHz). These frequencies are too high for most satellite receivers to process directly. The LNB performs frequency downconversion, translating these high-frequency signals into lower Intermediate Frequencies (IF)—typically in the range of 950–2150 MHz.

This downconversion process is achieved using a Local Oscillator (LO) within the LNB. For example:

  • A Ku-band LNB might use an LO frequency of 9.75 GHz or 10.6 GHz.

  • A C-band LNB might use an LO frequency of 5.15 GHz.

By converting the signals to a lower frequency, the LNB ensures compatibility with standard coaxial cables and satellite receivers, which are designed to handle IF signals.

 


3. Versatility: Supporting Diverse Applications

LNBs are highly versatile, catering to a wide range of satellite communication needs. This versatility is evident in the variety of LNB types available:

LNB Type Key Feature Application
Single LNB Receives signals from one satellite. Basic DTH (Direct-to-Home) TV systems.
Dual/Twin LNB Supports two independent outputs for multiple receivers. Households with multiple TVs.
Quad LNB Provides four outputs for multi-receiver setups. Small-scale commercial or residential use.
Universal LNB Covers a wide frequency range (10.7–12.75 GHz). Common in Europe and global DTH systems.
Monoblock LNB Combines two LNBs to receive signals from two satellites. Multi-satellite setups with a single dish.
C-band LNB Optimized for C-band frequencies (3.7–4.2 GHz). Large dishes for TV and data transmission.

This adaptability allows LNBs to support everything from simple home TV setups to complex multi-satellite and multi-receiver configurations used in broadcasting, telecommunications, and data networks.

 


4. Cost-Effectiveness: Enhancing System Performance Economically

Despite their critical role, LNBs are relatively inexpensive components. They significantly enhance the performance of satellite systems without requiring costly upgrades to other components like dishes or receivers. For example:

  • A high-quality Ku-band LNB might cost between 20and50, yet it can dramatically improve signal reception and system reliability.

  • By enabling the use of smaller dishes (especially for Ku-band systems), LNBs reduce installation and maintenance costs.

This cost-effectiveness makes LNBs an essential investment for both residential and commercial satellite communication systems.

 


5. Enabling Modern Satellite Services

LNBs are the backbone of many modern satellite services, including:

Service Type Description
Direct-to-Home TV Enables access to hundreds of TV channels with high picture and sound quality.
Broadband Internet Delivers high-speed data to remote and rural areas through satellite internet services.
Weather Monitoring Transmits critical weather data from meteorological satellites to ground stations.
Military and Defense Provides reliable signal reception for secure satellite communication systems in challenging environments.
 

 

Technical Specifications: What Makes a Good LNB?

When evaluating an LNB, professionals consider the following specifications:

Parameter Description Ideal Value
Noise Figure (NF) Measures the noise added by the LNB. 0.1 dB to 0.5 dB (lower is better).
Gain Amplification capability of the LNB. 50 dB to 65 dB (higher is better).
Frequency Range Range of frequencies the LNB can receive. Ku-band: 10.7–12.75 GHz; C-band: 3.7–4.2 GHz
LO Frequency Local Oscillator frequency used for downconversion. Ku-band: 9.75 GHz/10.6 GHz; C-band: 5.15 GHz
Polarization Ability to receive linear (H/V) or circular (L/R) polarized signals. Depends on satellite system.

Understanding the Differences Between LNBs and LNAs

In the realm of satellite communication and radio frequency (RF) applications, two crucial components often discussed are the Low Noise Block downconverter (LNB) and the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). While both play essential roles in signal processing, they serve distinct functions and have different characteristics.

 

What is an LNB?

An LNB is primarily responsible for receiving satellite signals and converting them from high frequencies (such as Ku or Ka bands) to lower frequencies (L-band). This conversion is essential for transmitting the signals over coaxial cables to a receiver. An LNB typically comprises several components, including an LNA, a mixer, and a local oscillator. Its primary usage is in satellite dishes, where it captures signals from satellites. However, due to its multi-component design, an LNB generally has a higher noise figure, which can affect signal quality.

 

What is an LNA?

In contrast, an LNA focuses solely on amplifying weak radio frequency signals. Its design aims to minimize added noise during amplification, thereby preserving the integrity of the signal. An LNA usually consists of amplifying devices like transistors and is utilized in a variety of applications, including telecommunications and RF front-end systems. Because of its specialized design, an LNA typically has a low noise figure, making it effective in enhancing weak signals.

 

Key Differences

Characteristic LNB LNA
Functionality Converts satellite signals to lower frequencies. Amplifies weak RF signals.
Components Includes an LNA, mixer, and local oscillator. Mainly consists of amplifying devices.
Typical Usage Used in satellite dishes. Found in various RF applications.
Noise Figure Generally higher due to multiple components. Designed for low noise to enhance signal integrity.

PLL vs DRO LNB: What’s The Difference?

When it comes to satellite communication, the choice between a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) and a Dielectric Resonator Oscillator (DRO) Low Noise Block (LNB) can have a significant impact on signal quality and reception. 

 

Understanding the Basics

The LNB is a critical component in satellite reception systems, responsible for converting the high-frequency satellite signal into a lower frequency that can be processed by the satellite receiver. The L.O. (Local Oscillator) frequency generated by the LNB is the key to this conversion process. PLL and DRO are two different techniques used to generate this frequency.

 

PLL vs. DRO: A Technical Breakdown

Feature PLL DRO
Oscillator Type Phase-Locked Loop Dielectric Resonator Oscillator
Stability High (±500 kHz to ±25 kHz) Low (±1 MHz to ±3 MHz)
Temperature Sensitivity Low High
Cost Higher Lower

A PLL oscillator uses a more accurate reference clock and a feedback circuit to maintain a stable output frequency, while a DRO is a simpler and less expensive device that relies on a ceramic disc to resonate at a specific frequency. The tradeoff is that PLL LNBs offer superior stability and accuracy.

 

When to Choose PLL or DRO LNB

The choice between a PLL or DRO LNB depends on the specific needs of your satellite reception setup and the type of signals you’re trying to receive.

DRO LNB: Best for Strong, Stable Signals

  • DRO LNBs are well-suited for receiving powerful, “fat” DVB-S MPEG-2 signals, such as those found on 97W/Galaxy 19.
  • These signals are already strong and don’t require a high degree of frequency accuracy for decent reception.
  • DRO LNBs are often used in more affordable satellite systems or dedicated setups for religious/ethnic programming (Allseeing Technology, 2019).

 

PLL LNB: Excelling at Weak and DVB-S2 Signals

  • PLL LNBs are the preferred choice for enthusiasts and commercial users who need to receive weaker signals, DVB-S2 transmissions, and signals with high Forward Error Correction (FEC).
  • The superior stability and accuracy of PLL oscillators allow them to “thread the needle” and lock onto these challenging signals much more effectively than DRO LNBs.
  • PLL LNBs can also provide higher signal strength, better rain fade resistance, and the ability to receive more channels, including those that may be out of reach for DRO-based systems (Allseeing Technology, 2019).

 

The Rise of Affordable PLL LNBs

Until recently, PLL LNBs were primarily used in high-end commercial and enthusiast-level satellite systems due to their higher cost. However, a recent technological advancement has led to the development of a single-IC Ku-band PLL oscillator, enabling manufacturers to offer PLL LNBs at more affordable prices (Allseeing Technology, 2019).

This breakthrough has been a game-changer, allowing everyday satellite enthusiasts to benefit from the superior performance of PLL technology without breaking the bank. As more manufacturers adopt this new PLL IC, the availability and affordability of PLL LNBs are expected to continue improving.

 

Key Features at a Glance

  • PLL LNBs offer significantly better stability and accuracy than DRO LNBs, especially for weak and DVB-S2 signals.
  • DRO LNBs are suitable for strong, stable signals like those found on 97W/Galaxy 19, but may struggle with more challenging transmissions.
  • Affordable PLL LNBs are now available thanks to a new single-IC Ku-band PLL oscillator, making this advanced technology accessible to a wider audience.
  • The choice between PLL and DRO LNBs depends on the specific requirements of your satellite reception setup and the type of signals you need to receive.

 

 

 

 

Source:
Allseeing Technology. (2019). PLL vs DRO LNB – Which is better?

Discovering the Tranquility of a Radio Quiet Place

In today’s fast-paced, technology-driven world, finding moments of true silence and solitude can be a rarity. However, there are a few special places on Earth where the noise of modern life is muted, and the serenity of nature takes over – these are known as “radio quiet places.”

 

What is a Radio Quiet Place?

A radio quiet place, also referred to as a “radio quiet zone,” is a designated area where the use of radio frequencies and electromagnetic signals is strictly regulated or prohibited. These areas are typically established to protect sensitive scientific and astronomical observations, as well as to maintain the tranquility of the environment.

 

Benefits of a Radio Quiet Place

 

The benefits of a radio quiet place are multifaceted and extend far beyond the scientific community. Here are some of the key advantages:

 

1. Improved Scientific Research

Radio quiet places are essential for various scientific disciplines, including radio astronomy, SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), and other sensitive research that requires a clean and undisturbed electromagnetic environment. By minimizing interference, these areas allow scientists to make more accurate observations and discoveries.

 

2. Preservation of the Natural Environment

Radio quiet places often coincide with areas of pristine natural beauty, such as national parks, protected forests, or remote wilderness. By limiting electromagnetic pollution, these zones help preserve the delicate balance of the ecosystem, allowing wildlife to thrive without the disruption of human-made signals.

 

3. Opportunities for Relaxation and Rejuvenation

In an increasingly digitally saturated world, radio quiet places offer a rare respite from the constant bombardment of electronic signals. This tranquil environment can provide a much-needed opportunity for visitors to disconnect, recharge, and reconnect with the natural world, promoting mental and physical well-being.

 

Prominent Radio Quiet Places Around the World

Here are some of the most well-known radio quiet places around the world:

Location Key Characteristics
Green Bank, West Virginia, USA Home to the Green Bank Telescope, the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescope. The area is designated as a National Radio Quiet Zone.
Parkes, New South Wales, Australia Hosts the Parkes Radio Telescope, a renowned radio astronomy observatory. The region is protected as a radio quiet zone.
Arecibo, Puerto Rico Site of the iconic Arecibo Observatory, which was the world’s largest single-dish radio telescope until its collapse in 2020. The area maintains strict radio frequency regulations.
Jodrell Bank, Cheshire, UK Home to the Jodrell Bank Observatory, a major radio astronomy research facility. The region is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site and a radio quiet zone.

 

Radio quiet places offer a unique and invaluable opportunity to experience the natural world in a state of profound tranquility, while also enabling critical scientific research. As we navigate the increasingly noisy and digitally saturated landscape of modern life, the preservation and protection of these sanctuaries of silence become ever more important. By understanding and appreciating the significance of radio quiet places, we can ensure that these remarkable environments continue to thrive and benefit both present and future generations.

Maximizing Connectivity with the MDM2510 Satellite Modem

The MDM2510 satellite modem from Bravo Satcom is a powerhouse of connectivity, offering a versatile solution for a wide range of applications. This high-performance device delivers seamless two-way communication with exceptional throughput and reliability, making it an ideal choice for various markets.

Key Specifications of the MDM2510 Satellite Modem

Specification Value
Frequency Bands Ku-band, Ka-band
Satellite Access Technology DVB-S2X, DVB-RCS2
Data Rates Up to 20 Mbps (downstream), up to 6 Mbps (upstream)
Interfaces Ethernet, Wi-Fi, USB, Serial
Certifications FCC, CE, RoHS
Power Consumption 30W (typical)
Dimensions 11.1 x 8.3 x 2.8 inches (282 x 211 x 71 mm)
Weight 5.5 lbs (2.5 kg)

 

MDM2510

Key Features of the MDM2510 Satellite Modem

  • Advanced Satellite Access Technologies: The MDM2510 supports the latest DVB-S2X and DVB-RCS2 standards, ensuring efficient data transmission and reception over satellite networks.
  • High-Speed Data Connectivity: With data rates of up to 20 Mbps downstream and 6 Mbps upstream, the MDM2510 enables high-speed internet access, video streaming, and data-intensive applications.
  • Versatile Connectivity Options: The device offers a range of connectivity options, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, USB, and serial interfaces, allowing for seamless integration with various devices and networks.
  • Compact and Durable Design: The MDM2510’s compact and rugged design makes it suitable for a wide range of deployment scenarios, from fixed installations to mobile applications.
  • Easy Installation and Configuration: The modem’s user-friendly interface and intuitive management tools simplify the installation and configuration process, reducing the time and effort required for deployment.
  • Reliable Performance: The MDM2510 is designed to deliver reliable and consistent performance, ensuring uninterrupted connectivity in challenging environments.

 

Potential Use Cases for the MDM2510 Satellite Modem

The versatility of the MDM2510 satellite modem makes it a compelling choice for a wide range of industries and applications, including:

  • Remote Connectivity: Providing high-speed internet access and data services to remote and underserved areas, where traditional terrestrial infrastructure may be limited or unavailable.
  • Disaster Recovery and Emergency Communication: Enabling rapid deployment of communication systems during natural disasters or emergency situations, ensuring reliable connectivity for first responders and affected communities.
  • Maritime and Offshore Applications: Powering reliable communication and internet access for vessels, offshore platforms, and other maritime operations.
  • Mobility and Transportation: Delivering seamless connectivity for mobile applications, such as in-flight entertainment, fleet management, and transportation services.
  • Backup and Redundancy: Serving as a backup communication system or providing redundancy in mission-critical applications to ensure business continuity.
  • Satellite-based IoT and M2M: Enabling the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) solutions in remote or hard-to-reach locations.

For more information about the MDM2510 satellite modem and Bravo Satcom’s comprehensive range of connectivity solutions, please visit https://staging.bravosatcom.com/product/mdm2510-satellite-modem/.

Unleash Enterprise-Grade Satellite Connectivity with the iDirect Evolution X7 Remote Modem

In today’s dynamic business landscape, reliable and high-performance satellite connectivity has become a crucial enabler for enterprises operating in remote or challenging locations. The iDirect Evolution X7 Remote Satellite Modem Router stands out as a versatile and powerful solution that can transform your organization’s satellite communications capabilities. With its advanced features and cutting-edge technology, the X7 remote modem is poised to deliver unparalleled throughput, flexibility, and scalability to meet the evolving demands of modern enterprises.

 

Key Features and Benefits of the iDirect Evolution X7 Remote Modem

Feature Benefit
Enhanced Throughput Performance Powered by iDirect’s next-generation hardware system, the X7 remote modem is optimized to deliver best-in-class DVB-S2/ACM and A-TDMA throughput performance, ensuring seamless data and voice communication even in the most demanding environments.
Multicast Capabilities The X7 features a licensable second demodulator, allowing for simultaneous reception of multicast channels over the same or a second transponder or satellite. This versatility enables enterprises to leverage a wide range of content and services across their distributed network.
Flexible Power Options The X7 remote modem offers both AC and DC power supply module configurations, providing the flexibility to adapt to diverse power infrastructure requirements, whether in fixed or mobile applications.
Embedded Computing Power Equipped with an Intel® Atom™ family processor, 16 GB of RAM, and a 120 GB solid-state hard drive, the X7 remote modem offers robust embedded computing capabilities. This enables the integration of value-added applications, empowering enterprises to customize and enhance their satellite-based services.
Comprehensive Connectivity The X7 remote modem boasts a range of data interfaces, including six 10/100 Ethernet ports, two 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet ports, and serial communication options, catering to diverse connectivity requirements within the enterprise network.
Security and Compliance The X7 remote modem supports optional AES encryption, ensuring secure data transmission, and is certified for compliance with industry standards, such as FCC, CE, and RoHS.

 

The iDirect Evolution X7 Remote Satellite Modem Router is a game-changing solution that redefines enterprise-grade satellite connectivity. With its advanced features, robust performance, and versatile computing capabilities, the X7 remote modem empowers organizations to unlock new opportunities, enhance operational efficiency, and stay connected in even the most challenging environments. As a leading provider of satellite communication solutions, iDirect continues to push the boundaries of innovation, delivering the tools businesses need to thrive in the digital age.

Eutelsat’s Groundbreaking Move: Creating a Ground Station-as-a-Service Giant

Unlocking the Value of Satellite Infrastructure

 

In a bold strategic move, Eutelsat, the French satellite operator, has announced plans to carve out its ground segment infrastructure worth approximately 790 million euros ($863 million) and sell a majority stake to a private equity fund. This innovative transaction aims to create the world’s largest pure-play, operator-neutral, ground station-as-a-service company, a move that could reshape the satellite industry landscape.

 

The Ground Station-as-a-Service Opportunity

The satellite industry is ripe for disruption, and Eutelsat’s ground station-as-a-service model could be a game-changer. By selling 80% of its teleport service business to a fund run by EQT Partners of Sweden, Eutelsat is positioning itself to capitalize on the growing demand for operator-neutral, shared ground station services. This aligns with trends in the terrestrial telecoms market, where similar infrastructure investment specialists have emerged.

 

Strengthening Eutelsat’s Financial Profile

Eutelsat’s decision to unlock the value of its ground infrastructure comes at a critical time for the company. Its video business has continued to weigh on its overall performance, with adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) falling 12.9% to 718.9 million euros in the last fiscal year. 1

However, Eutelsat is banking on its acquisition of OneWeb’s low-Earth orbit (LEO) business to fuel its expansion into the growing connectivity services market. The exclusive talks with EQT Partners will enable Eutelsat to strengthen its financial profile, while continuing to rely on the unparalleled quality and reliability of its ground infrastructure.

Navigating Deployment Challenges

One of the key challenges Eutelsat has faced is the ongoing ground segment deployment delays, which have held back the rollout of global LEO services. Despite OneWeb’s deployment of all 633 satellites, including in-orbit spares, the company has struggled to complete the last eight of 45 gateways, pushing the expected launch of global LEO services to next spring. 2

By unlocking the value of its ground infrastructure, Eutelsat can better navigate these challenges and continue to support its growing connectivity services business.

 

A Transformative Move for the Satellite Industry

Eutelsat’s exclusive talks to create a ground station-as-a-service giant are a bold and innovative move that could have far-reaching implications for the satellite industry. By optimizing the value of its extensive ground network, the company is positioning itself to capitalize on emerging trends and accelerate its shift towards a more diversified business model.

As an SEO-savvy blog content writer, I’m excited to follow the developments of this story and see how Eutelsat’s strategic maneuvering shapes the future of the satellite communications landscape.

 

Footnotes

  1. Eutelsat’s earnings report for the fiscal year ending June 2024, as reported by SpaceNews

  2. Information about OneWeb’s ground segment deployment delays, as reported in the SpaceNews article

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